Cloud Computing Attack Resilience and its Implication for Public Institutions in Zambia: A Review and Adaptive Security Framework Proposal

Abstract

This research systematically examines the cybersecurity challenges facing public institutions in Zambia within the context of heterogeneous cloud networks. By reviewing recent literature (2016–2024) and conducting expert interviews, the study highlights the complexities of cloud adoption in resource-constrained environments. Key findings reveal vulnerabilities stemming from inconsistent cloud service policies, inadequate infrastructure, and limited technical expertise. To address these issues, the research proposes an Adaptive Security Framework that integrates continuous monitoring, real-time threat detection, dynamic policy adjustments, and Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) to enhance data integrity and confidentiality. This framework aims to improve Zambia's cloud security resilience while providing practical policy recommendations to strengthen cloud security in public institutions. The study is built on over 50 scholarly references and offers a roadmap for enhancing cloud security management in Zambia’s public sector.